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pnmnorm - normalize the contrast in a Netbpm image |
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pnmnorm [-bpercent=N | -bvalue=N] [-wpercent=N | -wvalue=N] [-maxexpand] [-keephues] [-luminosity | -colorvalue | -saturation] [ppmfile] All options can be abbreviated to their shortest unique prefix. You may use two hyphens instead of one to designate an option. You may use either white space or an equals sign between an option name and its value. |
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This program is part of Netpbm(1). pnmnorm reads a PNM image (PBM, PGM, or PPM). It normalizes the contrast by forcing the brightest pixels to white, the darkest pixels to black, and linearly rescaling the ones in between; and produces the same kind of file as output. This is pretty useless for a PBM image. The program first determines a mapping of old brightness to new brightness. For each possible brightness of a pixel, the program determines a corresponding brightness for the output image. Then for each pixel in the image, the program computes a color which has the desired output brightness and puts that in the output. With a color image, it is not always possible to compute such a color and retain any semblance of the original hue, so the brightest and dimmest pixels may only approximate the desired brightness. For a PPM image, you have a choice of three different ways to define brightness: |
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luminosity |
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color value |
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saturation |
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In the case of saturation, ’brightness’ is pretty much a misnomer, but you can use the brightness analogy to see what it does. In the analogy, bright means saturated and dark means unsaturated. |
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Note that all of these are different from separately normalizing the individual color components. An alternative way to spread out the brightnesses in an image is pnmhisteq. pnmhisteq stretches the brightest pixels to white and the darkest pixels to black, but rather than linearly adjusting the ones in between, it adjusts them so that there are an equal number of pixels of each brightness throughout the range. This gives you more contrast than pnmnorm does, but can considerably change the picture in exchange. |
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By default, the darkest 2 percent of all pixels are mapped to black, and the brightest 1 percent are mapped to white. You can override these percentages by using the -bpercent and -wpercent options, or you can specify the exact pixel values to be mapped by using the -bvalue and -wvalue options. You can get appropriate numbers for the options from ppmhist. If you just want to enhance the contrast, then choose values at elbows in the histogram; e.g. if value 29 represents 3% of the image but value 30 represents 20%, choose 30 for bvalue. If you want to brighten the image, then set bvalue to 0 and just fiddle with wvalue; similarly, to darken the image, set wvalue to maxval and play with bvalue. If you specify both -bvalue and -bpercent, pnmnorm uses the one that produces the least change. The same goes for -wvalue and -wpercent. (In Netpbm 10.26 (January 2005), the -bvalue/-wvalue takes precedence, and before that, it’s a syntax error to specify both). If you want to maximize the change instead of minimizing it, just cascade two runs of pnmnorm, specifying values for the first and percentages for the second. -bpercent and -wpercent values are floating point decimal. Zero is valid and is the same as -bvalue=0 or -wvalue=maxval, respectively. Because there are whole numbers of pixels at each brightness, pnmnorm obviously can’t guarantee the exact per centage, so it arranges that at least the per centage of pixels you specify get remapped as promised. It is possible for your -bpercent or -wpercent to overlap your -wvalue or -bvalue, respectively. For example, you say -bpercent=20 and -wvalue=100 for an image in which only 10 per cent of the pixels are darker than 100. In that case, pnmnorm adjusts the per centile value as required. In the example, it uses 99 as the black value (like -bvalue=99). It is also possible for your -bpercent and -wpercent options to select the same brightness value for the stretch-to-white and stretch-to-black value because of the fact that pnmnorm can’t subdivide a histogram cell. E.g. if an image is all brightness 100, then no matter what -bpercent and -wpercent values you choose, it’s the same as saying -bvalue=100 -wvalue=100. In that case, pnmnorm changes one of the values by 1 to make it legal. In the example, pnmnorm would either make the black value 99 or the white value 101. Before Netpbm 10.43 (June 2008), pnmnorm fails if the -wpercent and/or -bpercent values specify an overlap. The stretch points are further constrained by the -maxexpand option. Sometimes, too much contrast is a bad thing. If your intensities are all concentrated in the middle, -bpercent=2 and -wpercent=1 might mean that an intensity of 60 gets stretched up to 100 and and intensity of 40 gets stretched down to zero, for a range expansion of 150% (from a range of 40 to a range of 100). That much stretching means two adjacent pixels that used to differ in intensity by 4 units now differ by 10, and that might be unsightly. So that you can put a limit on the amount of expansion without having to examine the image first, there is the -maxexpand option. It specifies the maximum expansion you will tolerate, as an additional per centage. In the example above, you could say -maxexpand=50 to say you want the range to expand by at most 50%, regardless of your other options. pnmnorm figures out what intensity to stretch to full intensity and what intensity to stretch to zero intensity as described above, and then raises the former and lowers the latter as needed to limit the expansion to the amount you specified. When pnmnorm limits the expansion due to -maxexpand, it tells you about it with a message like this: limiting expansion of 150% to 50% In any case, pnmnorm tells you exactly what expansion it’s doing, like this: remapping 25..75 to 0..100 Before Netpbm 10.26 (December 2004), it was not valid to specify both -bvalue and -bpercent or -wvalue and -wpercent. -maxexpand was new in Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006). The -keephues option says to keep each pixel the same hue as it is in the input; just adjust its brightness. You normally want this; the only reason it is not the default behavior is backward compatibility with a design mistake. By default, pnmnorm normalizes contrast in each component independently (except that the meaning of the -wpercent and -bpercent options are based on the overall brightnesses of the colors, not each component taken separately). So if you have a color which is intensely red but dimly green, pnmnorm would make the red more intense and the green less intense, so you end up with a different hue than you started with. If you specify -keephues, pnmnorm would likely leave this pixel alone, since its overall brightness is medium. -keephues can cause clipping, because a certain color may be below a target intensity while one of its components is saturated. Where that’s the case, pnmnorm uses the maximum representable intensity for the saturated component and the pixel ends up with less overall intensity, and a different hue, than it is supposed to have. This option is meaningless on grayscale images. When you don’t specify -keephues, the -luminosity, -colorvalue, and -saturation options affect the transfer function (which is the same for all three RGB components), but are meaningless when it comes to applying the transfer function (since it is applied to each individual RGB component). Before Netpbm 9.25 (March 2002), there was no -keephues option. -luminosity, -colorvalue, and -saturation determine what property of the pixels pnmnorm normalizes. I.e., what kind of brightness. You cannot specify more than one of these. The -luminosity option says to use the luminosity (i.e. the ’Y’ in the YUV or YCbCr color space) as the pixel’s brightness. The luminosity is a measure of how bright a human eye would find the color, taking into account the fact that the human eye is more sensitive to some RGB components than others. This option is default. This option is meaningless on grayscale images. Before Netpbm 10.28 (August 2005), there was no -luminosity option, but its meaning was still the default. Before Netpbm 10.28 (August 2005), there was no -colorvalue option. The -colorvalue option says to use the color value (i.e. the ’V’ in the HSV color space) as the pixel’s brightness. The color value is the gamma-adjusted intensity of the most intense RGB component. This option is meaningless on grayscale images. Before Netpbm 10.28 (August 2005), there was no -colorvalue option. The -saturation option says to use the saturation (i.e. the ’S’ in the HSV color space) as the pixel’s brightness. The saturation is the ratio of the intensity of the most intense RGB component to the difference between the intensities of the most and least intense RGB component (all intensities gamma-adjusted). In this case, ’brightness’ is more of a metaphor than anything. ’bright’ means saturated and ’dark’ means unsaturated. This option is meaningless on grayscale images. Before Netpbm 10.28 (August 2005), there was no -colorvalue option. |
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pnmhisteq(1), ppmhist(1), pgmhist(1), pnmgamma(1), ppmbrighten(1), ppmdim(1), pnm(1) |