MAILX

mailx − send and receive Internet mail

mailx [−BDdEFintv~] [−s subject] [−a attachment ] [−c cc-addr] [−b bcc-addr] [−r from-addr] [−h hops] [−A account] [−S variable[=value]] to-addr . . .

mailx [−BDdeEHiInNRv~] [−T name] [−A account] [−S variable[=value]] −f [name]

mailx [−BDdeEinNRv~] [−A account] [−S variable[=value]] [−u user]

Mailx is an intelligent mail processing system, which has a command syntax reminiscent of ed(1) with lines replaced by messages. It is based on Berkeley Mail 8.1, is intended to provide the functionality of the POSIX mailx command, and offers extensions for MIME, IMAP, POP3, SMTP, and S/MIME. Mailx provides enhanced features for interactive use, such as caching and disconnected operation for IMAP, message threading, scoring, and filtering. It is also usable as a mail batch language, both for sending and receiving mail.

The following options are accepted:

−A name

Executes an account command (see below) for name after the startup files have been read.

−a file

Attach the given file to the message.

−B

Make standard input and standard output line-buffered.

−b address

Send blind carbon copies to list. List should be a comma-separated list of names.

−c address

Send carbon copies to list of users.

−D

Start in disconnected mode; see the description for the disconnected variable option.

−d

Enables debugging messages and disables the actual delivery of messages. Unlike −v, this option is intended for mailx development only.

−e

Just check if mail is present in the system mailbox. If yes, return an exit status of zero, else, a non-zero value.

−E

If an outgoing message does not contain any text in its first or only message part, do not send it but discard it silently, effectively setting the skipemptybody variable at program startup. This is useful for sending messages from scripts started by cron(8).

−f [file]

Read in the contents of the user’s mbox (or the specified file) for processing; when mailx is quit, it writes undeleted messages back to this file. The string file is handled as described for the folder command below.

−F

Save the message to send in a file named after the local part of the first recipient’s address.

−H

Print header summaries for all messages and exit.

−h hops

Invoke sendmail with the specified hop count. This option has no effect when SMTP is used for sending mail.

−i

Ignore tty interrupt signals. This is particularly useful when using mailx on noisy phone lines.

−I

Shows the ‘Newsgroup:’ or ‘Article-Id:’ fields in the header summary. Only applicable in combination with −f.

−n

Inhibits reading /etc/mail.rc upon startup. This option should be activated for mailx scripts that are invoked on more than one machine, because the contents of that file may differ between them.

−N

Inhibits the initial display of message headers when reading mail or editing a mail folder.

−q file

Start the message with the contents of the specified file. May be given in send mode only.

−r address

Sets the From address. Overrides any from variable specified in environment or startup files. Tilde escapes are disabled. The −r address options are passed to the mail transfer agent unless SMTP is used. This option exists for compatibility only; it is recommended to set the from variable directly instead.

−R

Opens any folders read-only.

−s subject

Specify subject on command line (only the first argument after the −s flag is used as a subject; be careful to quote subjects containing spaces).

−S variable[=value]

Sets the internal option variable and, in case of a string option, assigns value to it.

−T name

Writes the ‘Message-Id:’ and ‘Article-Id:’ header fields of each message read in the file name. Implies −I. Compressed files are handled as described for the folder command below.

−t

The message to be sent is expected to contain a message header with ‘To:’, ‘Cc:’, or ‘Bcc:’ fields giving its recipients. Recipients specified on the command line are ignored.

−u user

Reads the mailbox of the given user name.

−v

Verbose mode. The details of delivery are displayed on the user’s terminal.

−V

Print mailx’s version and exit.

−~

Enable tilde escapes even if not in interactive mode.

Sending mail

To send a message to one or more people, mailx can be invoked with arguments which are the names of people to whom the mail will be sent. The user is then expected to type in his message, followed by an ‘control-D’ at the beginning of a line. The section below Replying to or originating mail, describes some features of mailx available to help when composing letters.

Reading mail

In normal usage mailx is given no arguments and checks the user’s mail out of the post office, then prints out a one line header of each message found. The current message is initially the first message (numbered 1) and can be printed using the print command which can be abbreviated ‘p’). The user can move among the messages much as he moves between lines in ed(1), with the commands ‘+’ and ‘−’ moving backwards and forwards, and simple numbers.

Disposing of mail

After examining a message the user can delete ‘d’) the message or reply ‘r’) to it. Deletion causes the mailx program to forget about the message. This is not irreversible; the message can be undeleted ‘u’) by giving its number, or the mailx session can be aborted by giving the exit ‘x’) command. Deleted messages will, however, usually disappear never to be seen again.

Specifying messages

Commands such as print and delete can be given a list of message numbers as arguments to apply to a number of messages at once. Thus ‘delete 1 2’ deletes messages 1 and 2, while ‘delete 1-5’ deletes messages 1 through 5. In sorted or threaded mode (see the sort and thread commands), ‘delete 1-5’ deletes the messages that are located between (and including) messages 1 through 5 in the sorted/threaded order, as shown in the header summary. The following special message names exist:

:n

All new messages.

:o

All old messages (any not in state read or new).

:u

All unread messages.

:d

All deleted messages (for the undelete command).

:r

All read messages.

:f

All ‘flagged’ messages.

:a

All answered messages (cf. the markanswered variable).

:t

All messages marked as draft.

:k

All ‘killed’ messages.

:j

All messages classified as junk.

.

The current message.

;

The message that was previously the current message.

,

The parent message of the current message, that is the message with the Message-ID given in the ‘In-Reply-To:’ field or the last entry of the ‘References:’ field of the current message.

−

The next previous undeleted message, or the next previous deleted message for the undelete command. In sorted/threaded mode, the next previous such message in the sorted/threaded order.

+

The next undeleted message, or the next deleted message for the undelete command. In sorted/threaded mode, the next such message in the sorted/threaded order.

^

The first undeleted message, or the first deleted message for the undelete command. In sorted/threaded mode, the first such message in the sorted/threaded order.

$

The last message. In sorted/threaded mode, the last message in the sorted/threaded order.

&x

In threaded mode, selects the message addressed with x, where x is any other message specification, and all messages from the thread that begins at it. Otherwise, it is identical to x. If x is omitted, the thread beginning with the current message is selected.

*

All messages.

‘

All messages that were included in the message list for the previous command.

/string

All messages that contain string in the subject field (case ignored). See also the searchheaders variable. If string is empty, the string from the previous specification of that type is used again.

address

All messages from address.

(criterion)

All messages that satisfy the given IMAP-style SEARCH criterion. This addressing mode is available with all types of folders; for folders not located on IMAP servers, or for servers unable to execute the SEARCH command, mailx will perform the search locally. Strings must be enclosed by double quotes ‘"’ in their entirety if they contain white space or parentheses; within the quotes, only backslash ‘\’ is recognized as an escape character. All string searches are case-insensitive. When the description indicates that the ‘envelope’ representation of an address field is used, this means that the search string is checked against both a list constructed as

("real name" "source-route" "local-part" "domain-part")

for each address, and the addresses without real names from the respective header field. Criteria can be nested using parentheses.

(criterion1 criterion2 ... criterionN)

All messages that satisfy all of the given criteria.

(or criterion1 criterion2)

All messages that satisfy either criterion1 or criterion2, or both. To connect more than two criteria using ‘or’, (or) specifications have to be nested using additional parentheses, as with ‘(or a (or b c))’; ‘(or a b c)’ means ((a or b) and c). For a simple ‘or’ operation of independent criteria on the lowest nesting level, it is possible to achieve similar effects by using three separate criteria, as with ‘(a) (b) (c)’.

(not criterion)

All messages that do not satisfy criterion.

(bcc string)

All messages that contain string in the ‘envelope’ representation of the Bcc: field.

(cc string)

All messages that contain string in the ‘envelope’ representation of the Cc: field.

(from string)

All messages that contain string in the ‘envelope’ representation of the From: field.

(subject string)

All messages that contain string in the Subject: field.

(to string)

All messages that contain string in the ‘envelope’ representation of the To: field.

(header name string)

All messages that contain string in the specified Name: field.

(body string)

All messages that contain string in their body.

(text string)

All messages that contain string in their header or body.

(larger size)

All messages that are larger than size (in bytes).

(smaller size)

All messages that are smaller than size (in bytes).

(before date)

All messages that were received before date; date must be in the form d[d]-mon-yyyy, where d[d] is the day of the month as one or two digits, mon is the name of the month—one of ‘Jan’, ‘Feb’, ‘Mar’, ‘Apr’, ‘May’, ‘Jun’, ‘Jul’, ‘Aug’, ‘Sep’, ‘Oct’, ‘Nov’, or ‘Dec’, and yyyy is the year as four digits; e.g. "30-Aug-2004".

(on date)

All messages that were received on the specified date.

(since date)

All messages that were received since the specified date.

(sentbefore date)

All messages that were sent on the specified date.

(senton date)

All messages that were sent on the specified date.

(sentsince date)

All messages that were sent since the specified date.

()

The same criterion as for the previous search. This specification cannot be used as part of another criterion. If the previous command line contained more than one independent criterion, the last of those criteria is used.

A practical method to read a set of messages is to issue a from command with the search criteria first to check for appropriate messages, and to read each single message then by typing ‘‘’ repeatedly.

Replying to or originating mail

The reply command can be used to set up a response to a message, sending it back to the person who it was from. Text the user types in then, up to an end-of-file, defines the contents of the message. While the user is composing a message, mailx treats lines beginning with the character ‘~’ specially. For instance, typing ‘~m’ (alone on a line) will place a copy of the current message into the response right shifting it by a tabstop (see indentprefix variable, below). Other escapes will set up subject fields, add and delete recipients to the message, attach files to it and allow the user to escape to an editor to revise the message or to a shell to run some commands. (These options are given in the summary below.)

Ending a mail processing session

The user can end a mailx session with the quit (‘q’) command. Messages which have been examined go to the user’s mbox file unless they have been deleted in which case they are discarded. Unexamined messages go back to the post office. (See the −f option above).

Personal and systemwide distribution lists

It is also possible to create a personal distribution lists so that, for instance, the user can send mail to ‘cohorts’ and have it go to a group of people. Such lists can be defined by placing a line like

        alias cohorts bill ozalp jkf mark kridle@ucbcory

in the file .mailrc in the user’s home directory. The current list of such aliases can be displayed with the alias command in mailx. System wide distribution lists can be created by editing /etc/aliases, see aliases(5) and sendmail(8); these are kept in a different syntax. In mail the user sends, personal aliases will be expanded in mail sent to others so that they will be able to reply to the recipients. System wide aliases are not expanded when the mail is sent, but any reply returned to the machine will have the system wide alias expanded as all mail goes through sendmail.

Recipient address specifications

When an address is used to name a recipient (in any of To, Cc, or Bcc), names of local mail folders and pipes to external commands can also be specified; the message text is then written to them. The rules are: Any name which starts with a ‘|’ character specifies a pipe, the command string following the ‘|’ is executed and the message is sent to its standard input; any other name which contains a ‘@’ character is treated as a mail address; any other name which starts with a ‘+’ character specifies a folder name; any other name which contains a ‘/’ character but no ‘!’ or ‘%’ character before also specifies a folder name; what remains is treated as a mail address. Compressed folders are handled as described for the folder command below.

Network mail (Internet / ARPA, UUCP, Berknet)

See mailaddr(7) for a description of network addresses. Mailx has a number of options which can be set in the .mailrc file to alter its behavior; thus ‘set askcc’ enables the askcc feature. (These options are summarized below).

MIME types

For any outgoing attachment, mailx tries to determine the content type. It does this by reading MIME type files whose lines have the following syntax:

        type/subtype      extension [extension . . .]

where type/subtype are strings describing the file contents, and extension is the part of a filename starting after the last dot. Any line not immediately beginning with an ASCII alphabetical character is ignored by mailx. If there is a match with the extension of the file to attach, the given type/subtype pair is used. Otherwise, or if the filename has no extension, the content types text/plain or application/octet-stream are used, the first for text or international text files, the second for any file that contains formatting characters other than newlines and horizontal tabulators.

Character sets

Mailx normally detects the character set of the terminal using the LC_CTYPE locale setting. If the locale cannot be used appropriately, the ttycharset variable should be set to provide an explicit value. When reading messages, their text is converted to the terminal character set if possible. Unprintable characters and illegal byte sequences are detected and replaced by Unicode substitute characters or question marks unless the print-all-chars is set at initialization time.

The character set for outgoing messages is not necessarily the same as the one used on the terminal. If an outgoing text message contains characters not representable in US-ASCII, the character set being used must be declared within its header. Permissible values can be declared using the sendcharsets variable, separated by commas; mailx tries each of the values in order and uses the first appropriate one. If the message contains characters that cannot be represented in any of the given character sets, the message will not be sent, and its text will be saved to the ‘dead.letter’ file. Messages that contain NUL bytes are not converted.

Outgoing attachments are converted if they are plain text. If the sendcharsets variable contains more than one character set name, the ~@ tilde escape will ask for the character sets for individual attachments if it is invoked without arguments.

Best results are usually achieved when mailx is run in a UTF-8 locale on a UTF-8 capable terminal. In this setup, characters from various countries can be displayed, while it is still possible to use more simple character sets for sending to retain maximum compatibility with older mail clients.

Commands

Each command is typed on a line by itself, and may take arguments following the command word. The command need not be typed in its entirety – the first command which matches the typed prefix is used. For commands which take message lists as arguments, if no message list is given, then the next message forward which satisfies the command’s requirements is used. If there are no messages forward of the current message, the search proceeds backwards, and if there are no good messages at all, mailx types ‘applicable messages’ and aborts the command. If the command begins with a # sign, the line is ignored.

The arguments to commands can be quoted, using the following methods:

•

An argument can be enclosed between paired double-quotes "" or single-quotes ’’; any white space, shell word expansion, or backslash characters within the quotes are treated literally as part of the argument. A double-quote will be treated literally within single-quotes and vice versa. These special properties of the quote marks occur only when they are paired at the beginning and end of the argument.

•

A backslash outside of the enclosing quotes is discarded and the following character is treated literally as part of the argument.

•

An unquoted backslash at the end of a command line is discarded and the next line continues the command.

Filenames, where expected, are subjected to the following transformations, in sequence:

•

If the filename begins with an unquoted plus sign, and the folder variable is defined, the plus sign will be replaced by the value of the folder variable followed by a slash. If the folder variable is unset or is set to null, the filename will be unchanged.

•

Shell word expansions are applied to the filename. If more than a single pathname results from this expansion and the command is expecting one file, an error results.

The following commands are provided:

−

Print out the preceding message. If given a numeric argument n, goes to the n’th previous message and prints it.

?

Prints a brief summary of commands.

!

Executes the shell (see sh(1) and csh(1)) command which follows.

|

A synonym for the pipe command.

account

(ac) Creates, selects or lists an email account. An account is formed by a group of commands, primarily of those to set variables. With two arguments, of which the second is a ‘{’, the first argument gives an account name, and the following lines create a group of commands for that account until a line containing a single ‘}’ appears. With one argument, the previously created group of commands for the account name is executed, and a folder command is executed for the system mailbox or inbox of that account. Without arguments, the list of accounts and their contents are printed. As an example,

    account myisp {
        set folder=imaps://mylogin@imap.myisp.example
        set record=+Sent
        set from="myname@myisp.example (My Name)"
        set smtp=smtp.myisp.example
    }

creates an account named ‘myisp’ which can later be selected by specifying ‘account myisp’.

alias

(a) With no arguments, prints out all currently-defined aliases. With one argument, prints out that alias. With more than one argument, creates a new alias or changes an old one.

alternates

(alt) The alternates command is useful if the user has accounts on several machines. It can be used to inform mailx that the listed addresses all belong to the invoking user. When he replies to messages, mailx will not send a copy of the message to any of the addresses listed on the alternates list. If the alternates command is given with no argument, the current set of alternate names is displayed.

answered

(ans) Takes a message list and marks each message as a having been answered. This mark has no technical meaning in the mail system; it just causes messages to be marked in the header summary, and makes them specially addressable.

cache

Only applicable to cached IMAP mailboxes; takes a message list and reads the specified messages into the IMAP cache.

call

Calls a macro (see the define command).

cd

Same as chdir.

certsave

Only applicable to S/MIME signed messages. Takes a message list and a file name and saves the certificates contained within the message signatures to the named file in both human-readable and PEM format. The certificates can later be used to send encrypted messages to the messages’ originators by setting the smime-encrypt-user@host variable.

chdir

(ch) Changes the user’s working directory to that specified, if given. If no directory is given, then changes to the user’s login directory.

classify

(cl) Takes a list of messages and examines their contents for characteristics of junk mail using Bayesian filtering. Messages considered to be junk are then marked as such. The junk mail database is not changed.

collapse

(coll) Only applicable to threaded mode. Takes a message list and makes all replies to these messages invisible in header summaries, unless they are in state ‘new’.

connect

(conn) If operating in disconnected mode on an IMAP mailbox, switch to online mode and connect to the mail server while retaining the mailbox status. See the description of the disconnected variable for more information.

copy

(c) The copy command does the same thing that save does, except that it does not mark the messages it is used on for deletion when the user quits. Compressed files and IMAP mailboxes are handled as described for the folder command.

Copy

(C) Similar to copy, but saves the messages in a file named after the local part of the sender address of the first message.

decrypt

(dec) For unencrypted messages, this command is identical to copy. Encrypted messages are first decrypted, if possible, and then copied.

Decrypt

(Dec) Similar to decrypt, but saves the messages in a file named after the local part of the sender address of the first message.

define

(def) Defines a macro. A macro definition is a sequence of commands in the following form:

define name {
command1
command2
...
commandN
}

Once defined, a macro can be explicitly invoked using the call command, or can be implicitly invoked by setting the folder-hook or folder-hook-fullname variables.

defines

Prints the currently defined macros including their contents.

delete

(d) Takes a list of messages as argument and marks them all as deleted. Deleted messages will not be saved in mbox, nor will they be available for most other commands.

discard

Same as ignore.

disconnect

(disco) If operating in online mode on an IMAP mailbox, switch to disconnected mode while retaining the mailbox status. See the description of the disconnected variable for more information. A list of messages may optionally be given as argument; the respective messages are then read into the cache before the connection is closed. Thus ‘disco *’ makes the entire current mailbox available for disconnected use.

dp or dt

Deletes the current message and prints the next message. If there is no next message, mailx says ‘at EOF’.

draft

Takes a message list and marks each message as a draft. This mark has no technical meaning in the mail system; it just causes messages to be marked in the header summary, and makes them specially addressable.

echo

Echoes its arguments, resolving special names as documented for the folder command. The escape sequences ‘\a’, ‘\b’, ‘\c’, ‘\f’, ‘\n’, ‘\r’, ‘\t’, ‘\v’, ‘\\’, and ‘\0num’ are interpreted as with the echo(1) command.

edit

(e) Takes a list of messages and points the text editor at each one in turn. Modified contents are discarded unless the writebackedited variable is set.

else

Marks the end of the then-part of an if statement and the beginning of the part to take effect if the condition of the if statement is false.

endif

Marks the end of an if statement.

exit

(ex or x) Effects an immediate return to the Shell without modifying the user’s system mailbox, his mbox file, or his edit file in −f.

file

(fi) The same as folder.

flag

(fl) Takes a message list and marks the messages as ‘flagged’ for urgent/special attention. This mark has no technical meaning in the mail system; it just causes messages to be highlighted in the header summary, and makes them specially addressable.

folders

With no arguments, list the names of the folders in the folder directory. With an existing folder as an argument, lists then names of folders below the named folder; e.g. the command ‘folders @’ lists the folders on the base level of the current IMAP server. See also the imap-list-depth variable.

folder

(fold) The folder command switches to a new mail file or folder. With no arguments, it tells the user which file he is currently reading. If an argument is given, it will write out changes (such as deletions) the user has made in the current file and read in the new file. Some special conventions are recognized for the name. # means the previous file, % means the invoking user’s system mailbox, %user means user’s system mailbox, & means the invoking user’s mbox file, and +file means a file in the folder directory. %:filespec expands to the same value as filespec, but the file is handled as a system mailbox e. g. by the mbox and save commands. If the name matches one of the strings defined with the shortcut command, it is replaced by its long form and expanded. If the name ends with .gz or .bz2, it is treated as compressed with gzip(1) or bzip2(1), respectively. Likewise, if name does not exist, but either name.gz or name.bz2 exists, the compressed file is used. If name refers to a directory with the subdirectories ‘tmp’, ‘new’, and ‘cur’, it is treated as a folder in maildir format. A name of the form

protocol://[user@]host[:port][/file]

is taken as an Internet mailbox specification. The supported protocols are currently imap (IMAP v4r1), imaps (IMAP with SSL/TLS encryption), pop3 (POP3), and pop3s (POP3 with SSL/TLS encryption). If user contains special characters, in particular ‘/’ or ‘%’, they must be escaped in URL notation, as ‘%2F’ or ‘%25’. The optional file part applies to IMAP only; if it is omitted, the default ‘INBOX’ is used. If mailx is connected to an IMAP server, a name of the form @mailbox refers to the mailbox on that server. If the ‘folder’ variable refers to an IMAP account, the special name ‘%’ selects the ‘INBOX’ on that account.

Followup

(F) Similar to Respond, but saves the message in a file named after the local part of the first recipient’s address.

followup

(fo) Similar to respond, but saves the message in a file named after the local part of the first recipient’s address.

followupall

Similar to followup, but responds to all recipients regardless of the flipr and Replyall variables.

followupsender

Similar to Followup, but responds to the sender only regardless of the flipr and Replyall variables.

forward

(fwd) Takes a message and the address of a recipient and forwards the message to him. The text of the original message is included in the new one, with the value of the fwdheading variable printed before. The fwdignore and fwdretain commands specify which header fields are included in the new message. Only the first part of a multipart message is included unless the forward-as-attachment option is set.

Forward

(Fwd) Similar to forward, but saves the message in a file named after the local part of the recipient’s address.

from

(f) Takes a list of messages and prints their message headers, piped through the pager if the output does not fit on the screen.

fwdignore

Specifies which header fields are to be ignored with the forward command. This command has no effect when the forward-as-attachment option is set.

fwdretain

Specifies which header fields are to be retained with the forward command. fwdretain overrides fwdignore. This command has no effect when the forward-as-attachment option is set.

good

(go) Takes a list of messages and marks all of them as not being junk mail. Data from these messages is then inserted into the junk mail database for future classification.

headers

(h) Lists the current range of headers, which is an 18-message group. If a ‘+’ argument is given, then the next 18-message group is printed, and if a ‘−’ argument is given, the previous 18-message group is printed.

help

A synonym for ?.

hold

(ho, also preserve) Takes a message list and marks each message therein to be saved in the user’s system mailbox instead of in mbox. Does not override the delete command. mailx deviates from the POSIX standard with this command, as a ‘next’ command issued after ‘hold’ will display the following message, not the current one.

if

Commands in mailx’s startup files can be executed conditionally depending on whether the user is sending or receiving mail with the if command. For example:

if receive
commands . . .
endif

An else form is also available:

        if receive
                commands . . .
        else
                commands . . .
        endif

Note that the only allowed conditions are receive, send, and term (execute command if standard input is a tty).

ignore

Add the list of header fields named to the ignored list. Header fields in the ignore list are not printed on the terminal when a message is printed. This command is very handy for suppression of certain machine-generated header fields. The Type and Print commands can be used to print a message in its entirety, including ignored fields. If ignore is executed with no arguments, it lists the current set of ignored fields.

imap

Sends command strings directly to the current IMAP server. Mailx operates always in IMAP selected state on the current mailbox; commands that change this will produce undesirable results and should be avoided. Useful IMAP commands are:

Takes the name of an IMAP mailbox as an argument and creates it.

getquotaroot

Takes the name of an IMAP mailbox as an argument and prints the quotas that apply to the mailbox. Not all IMAP servers support this command.

namespace

Takes no arguments and prints the Personal Namespaces, the Other User’s Namespaces, and the Shared Namespaces. Each namespace type is printed in parentheses; if there are multiple namespaces of the same type, inner parentheses separate them. For each namespace, a namespace prefix and a hierarchy separator is listed. Not all IMAP servers support this command.

inc

Same as newmail.

junk

(j) Takes a list of messages and marks all of them as junk mail. Data from these messages is then inserted into the junk mail database for future classification.

kill

(k) Takes a list of messages and ‘kills’ them. Killed messages are not printed in header summaries, and are ignored by the next command. The kill command also sets the score of the messages to negative infinity, so that subsequent score commands will not unkill them again. Killing is only effective for the current session on a folder; when it is quit, all messages are automatically unkilled.

list

Prints the names of all available commands.

Mail

(M) Similar to mail, but saves the message in a file named after the local part of the first recipient’s address.

mail

(m) Takes as argument login names and distribution group names and sends mail to those people.

mbox

Indicate that a list of messages be sent to mbox in the user’s home directory when mailx is quit. This is the default action for messages if unless the hold option is set. mailx deviates from the POSIX standard with this command, as a ‘next’ command issued after ‘mbox’ will display the following message, not the current one.

move

(mv) Acts like copy, but marks the messages for deletion if they were transferred successfully.

Move

(Mv) Similar to move, but moves the messages to a file named after the local part of the sender address of the first message.

newmail

Checks for new mail in the current folder without committing any changes before. If new mail is present, a message is printed. If the header variable is set, the headers of each new message are also printed.

next

(n) like + or CR) Goes to the next message in sequence and types it. With an argument list, types the next matching message.

New

Same as unread.

new

Same as unread.

online

Same as connect.

noop

If the current folder is located on an IMAP or POP3 server, a NOOP command is sent. Otherwise, no operation is performed.

Pipe

(Pi) Like pipe but also pipes ignored header fields and all parts of MIME multipart/alternative messages.

pipe

(pi) Takes a message list and a shell command and pipes the messages through the command. Without an argument, the current message is piped through the command given by the cmd variable. If the page variable is set, every message is followed by a formfeed character.

preserve

(pre) A synonym for hold.

Print

(P) Like print but also prints out ignored header fields and all parts of MIME multipart/alternative messages. See also print, ignore, and retain.

print

(p) Takes a message list and types out each message on the user’s terminal. If the message is a MIME multipart message, all parts with a content type of ‘text’ or ‘message’ are shown, the other are hidden except for their headers. Messages are decrypted and converted to the terminal character set if necessary.

probability

(prob) For each word given as argument, the contents of its junk mail database entry are printed.

quit

(q) Terminates the session, saving all undeleted, unsaved messages in the user’s mbox file in his login directory, preserving all messages marked with hold or preserve or never referenced in his system mailbox, and removing all other messages from his system mailbox. If new mail has arrived during the session, the message ‘You have new mail’ is given. If given while editing a mailbox file with the −f flag, then the edit file is rewritten. A return to the Shell is effected, unless the rewrite of edit file fails, in which case the user can escape with the exit command.

redirect

(red) Same as resend.

Redirect

(Red) Same as Resend.

remove

(rem) Removes the named folders. The user is asked for confirmation in interactive mode.

rename

(ren) Takes the name of an existing folder and the name for the new folder and renames the first to the second one. Both folders must be of the same type and must be located on the current server for IMAP.

Reply

(R) Reply to originator. Does not reply to other recipients of the original message.

reply

(r) Takes a message list and sends mail to the sender and all recipients of the specified message. The default message must not be deleted.

replyall

Similar to reply, but responds to all recipients regardless of the flipr and Replyall variables.

replysender

Similar to Reply, but responds to the sender only regardless of the flipr and Replyall variables.

Resend

Like resend, but does not add any header lines. This is not a way to hide the sender’s identity, but useful for sending a message again to the same recipients.

resend

Takes a list of messages and a user name and sends each message to the named user. ‘Resent-From:’ and related header fields are prepended to the new copy of the message.

Respond

Same as Reply.

respond

Same as reply.

respondall

Same as replyall.

respondsender

Same as replysender.

retain

Add the list of header fields named to the retained list. Only the header fields in the retain list are shown on the terminal when a message is printed. All other header fields are suppressed. The Type and Print commands can be used to print a message in its entirety. If retain is executed with no arguments, it lists the current set of retained fields.

Save

(S) Similar to save, but saves the messages in a file named after the local part of the sender of the first message instead of taking a filename argument.

save

(s) Takes a message list and a filename and appends each message in turn to the end of the file. If no filename is given, the mbox file is used. The filename in quotes, followed by the line count and character count is echoed on the user’s terminal. If editing a system mailbox, the messages are marked for deletion. Compressed files and IMAP mailboxes are handled as described for the −f command line option above.

savediscard

Same as saveignore.

saveignore

Saveignore is to save what ignore is to print and type. Header fields thus marked are filtered out when saving a message by save or when automatically saving to mbox. This command should only be applied to header fields that do not contain information needed to decode the message, as MIME content fields do. If saving messages on an IMAP account, ignoring fields makes it impossible to copy the data directly on the server, thus operation usually becomes much slower.

saveretain

Saveretain is to save what retain is to print and type. Header fields thus marked are the only ones saved with a message when saving by save or when automatically saving to mbox. Saveretain overrides saveignore. The use of this command is strongly discouraged since it may strip header fields that are needed to decode the message correctly.

score

(sc) Takes a message list and a floating point number and adds the number to the score of each given message. All messages start at score 0 when a folder is opened. When the score of a message becomes negative, it is ‘killed’ with the effects described for the kill command; otherwise if it was negative before and becomes positive, it is ‘unkilled’. Scores only refer to the currently opened instance of a folder.

set

(se) With no arguments, prints all variable values, piped through the pager if the output does not fit on the screen. Otherwise, sets option. Arguments are of the form option=value (no space before or after =) or option. Quotation marks may be placed around any part of the assignment statement to quote blanks or tabs, i.e. ‘set indentprefix="−>"’. If an argument begins with no, as in ‘set nosave’, the effect is the same as invoking the unset command with the remaining part of the variable (‘unset save’).

seen

Takes a message list and marks all messages as having been read.

shell

(sh) Invokes an interactive version of the shell.

shortcut

Defines a shortcut name and its string for expansion, as described for the folder command. With no arguments, a list of defined shortcuts is printed.

show

(Sh) Like print, but performs neither MIME decoding nor decryption so that the raw message text is shown.

size

Takes a message list and prints out the size in characters of each message.

sort

Create a sorted representation of the current folder, and change the next command and the addressing modes such that they refer to messages in the sorted order. Message numbers are the same as in regular mode. If the header variable is set, a header summary in the new order is also printed. Possible sorting criteria are:

date

Sort the messages by their ‘Date:’ field, that is by the time they were sent.

from

Sort messages by the value of their ‘From:’ field, that is by the address of the sender. If the showname variable is set, the sender’s real name (if any) is used.

size

Sort the messages by their size.

score

Sort the messages by their score.

status

Sort the messages by their message status (new, read, old, etc.).

subject

Sort the messages by their subject.

thread

Create a threaded order, as with the thread command.

to

Sort messages by the value of their ‘To:’ field, that is by the address of the recipient. If the showname variable is set, the recipient’s real name (if any) is used.

If no argument is given, the current sorting criterion is printed.

source

The source command reads commands from a file.

thread

(th) Create a threaded representation of the current folder, i.e. indent messages that are replies to other messages in the header display, and change the next command and the addressing modes such that they refer to messages in the threaded order. Message numbers are the same as in unthreaded mode. If the header variable is set, a header summary in threaded order is also printed.

top

Takes a message list and prints the top few lines of each. The number of lines printed is controlled by the variable toplines and defaults to five.

touch

Takes a message list and marks the messages for saving in the mbox file. mailx deviates from the POSIX standard with this command, as a ‘next’ command issued after ‘mbox’ will display the following message, not the current one.

Type

(T) Identical to the Print command.

type

(t) A synonym for print.

unalias

Takes a list of names defined by alias commands and discards the remembered groups of users. The group names no longer have any significance.

unanswered

Takes a message list and marks each message as not having been answered.

uncollapse

(unc) Only applicable to threaded mode. Takes a message list and makes the message and all replies to it visible in header summaries again. When a message becomes the current message, it is automatically made visible. Also when a message with collapsed replies is printed, all of these are automatically uncollapsed.

undef

Undefines each of the named macros. It is not an error to use a name that does not belong to one of the currently defined macros.

undelete

(u) Takes a message list and marks each message as not being deleted.

undraft

Takes a message list and marks each message as a draft.

unflag

Takes a message list and marks each message as not being ‘flagged’.

unfwdignore

Removes the header field names from the list of ignored fields for the forward command.

unfwdretain

Removes the header field names from the list of retained fields for the forward command.

ungood

Takes a message list and undoes the effect of a good command that was previously applied on exactly these messages.

unignore

Removes the header field names from the list of ignored fields.

unjunk

Takes a message list and undoes the effect of a junk command that was previously applied on exactly these messages.

unkill

Takes a message list and ‘unkills’ each message. Also sets the score of the messages to 0.

Unread

Same as unread.

unread

(U) Takes a message list and marks each message as not having been read.

unretain

Removes the header field names from the list of retained fields.

unsaveignore

Removes the header field names from the list of ignored fields for saving.

unsaveretain

Removes the header field names from the list of retained fields for saving.

unset

Takes a list of option names and discards their remembered values; the inverse of set.

unshortcut

Deletes the shortcut names given as arguments.

unsort

Disable sorted or threaded mode (see the sort and thread commands), return to normal message order and, if the header variable is set, print a header summary.

unthread

(unth) Same as unsort.

verify

(verif) Takes a message list and verifies each message. If a message is not an S/MIME signed message, verification will fail for it. The verification process checks if the message was signed using a valid certificate, if the message sender’s email address matches one of those contained within the certificate, and if the message content has been altered.

visual

(v) Takes a message list and invokes the display editor on each message. Modified contents are discarded unless the writebackedited variable is set.

write

(w) For conventional messages, the body without all headers is written. The output is decrypted and converted to its native format, if necessary. If the output file exists, the text is appended.—If a message is in MIME multipart format, its first part is written to the specified file as for conventional messages, and the user is asked for a filename to save each other part; if the contents of the first part are not to be saved, ‘write /dev/null’ can be used. For the second and subsequent parts, if the filename given starts with a ‘|’ character, the part is piped through the remainder of the filename interpreted as a shell command. In non-interactive mode, only the parts of the multipart message that have a filename given in the part header are written, the other are discarded. The original message is never marked for deletion in the originating mail folder. For attachments, the contents of the destination file are overwritten if the file previously existed. No special handling of compressed files is performed.

xit

(x) A synonym for exit.

z

Mailx presents message headers in windowfuls as described under the headers command. The z command scrolls to the next window of messages. If an argument is given, it specifies the window to use. A number prefixed by ‘+’ or ‘−’ indicates that the window is calculated in relation to the current position. A number without a prefix specifies an absolute window number, and a ‘$’ lets mailx scroll to the last window of messages.

Z

Similar to z, but scrolls to the next or previous window that contains at least one new or ‘flagged’ message.

Tilde escapes

Here is a summary of the tilde escapes, which are used when composing messages to perform special functions. Tilde escapes are only recognized at the beginning of lines. The name ‘tilde escape’ is somewhat of a misnomer since the actual escape character can be set by the option escape.

~!command

Execute the indicated shell command, then return to the message.

~.

Same effect as typing the end-of-file character.

~<filename

Identical to ~r.

~<!command

Command is executed using the shell. Its standard output is inserted into the message.

~@ [filename . . . ]

With no arguments, edit the attachment list. First, the user can edit all existing attachment data. If an attachment’s file name is left empty, that attachment is deleted from the list. When the end of the attachment list is reached, mailx will ask for further attachments, until an empty file name is given. If filename arguments are specified, all of them are appended to the end of the attachment list. Filenames which contain white space can only be specified with the first method (no filename arguments).

~A

Inserts the string contained in the Sign variable (same as ‘~i Sign’). The escape sequences ‘\t’ (tabulator) and ‘\n’ (newline) are understood.

~a

Inserts the string contained in the sign variable (same as ‘~i sign’). The escape sequences ‘\t’ (tabulator) and ‘\n’ (newline) are understood.

~bname . . .

Add the given names to the list of carbon copy recipients but do not make the names visible in the Cc: line (‘blind’ carbon copy).

~cname . . .

Add the given names to the list of carbon copy recipients.

~d

Read the file ‘dead.letter’ from the user’s home directory into the message.

~e

Invoke the text editor on the message collected so far. After the editing session is finished, the user may continue appending text to the message.

~fmessages

Read the named messages into the message being sent. If no messages are specified, read in the current message. Message headers currently being ignored (by the ignore or retain command) are not included. For MIME multipart messages, only the first printable part is included.

~Fmessages

Identical to ~f, except all message headers and all MIME parts are included.

~h

Edit the message header fields ‘To:’, ‘Cc:’, ‘Bcc:’, and ‘Subject:’ by typing each one in turn and allowing the user to append text to the end or modify the field by using the current terminal erase and kill characters.

~H

Edit the message header fields ‘From:’, ‘Reply-To:’, ‘Sender:’, and ‘Organization:’ in the same manner as described for ~h. The default values for these fields originate from the from, replyto, and ORGANIZATION variables. If this tilde command has been used, changing the variables has no effect on the current message anymore.

~ivariable

Insert the value of the specified variable into the message adding a newline character at the end. If the variable is unset or empty, the message remains unaltered. The escape sequences ‘\t’ (tabulator) and ‘\n’ (newline) are understood.

~mmessages

Read the named messages into the message being sent, indented by a tab or by the value of indentprefix. If no messages are specified, read the current message. Message headers currently being ignored (by the ignore or retain command) are not included. For MIME multipart messages, only the first printable part is included.

~Mmessages

Identical to ~m, except all message headers and all MIME parts are included.

~p

Print out the message collected so far, prefaced by the message header fields and followed by the attachment list, if any. If the message text is longer than the screen size, it is piped through the pager.

~q

Abort the message being sent, copying the message to ‘dead.letter’ in the user’s home directory if save is set.

~rfilename

Read the named file into the message.

~sstring

Cause the named string to become the current subject field.

~tname . . .

Add the given names to the direct recipient list.

~v

Invoke an alternate editor (defined by the VISUAL option) on the message collected so far. Usually, the alternate editor will be a screen editor. After the editor is quit, the user may resume appending text to the end of the message.

~wfilename

Write the message onto the named file. If the file exists, the message is appended to it.

~x

Same as ~q, except that the message is not saved to the ‘dead.letter’ file.

~|command

Pipe the message through the command as a filter. If the command gives no output or terminates abnormally, retain the original text of the message. The command fmt(1) is often used as command to rejustify the message.

~:mailx-command

Execute the given mailx command. Not all commands, however, are allowed.

~_mailx-command

Identical to ~:.

~~string

Insert the string of text in the message prefaced by a single ~. If the escape character has been changed, that character must be doubled in order to send it at the beginning of a line.

Variable options

Options are controlled via set and unset commands, see their entries for a syntax description. An option is also set if it is passed to mailx as part of the environment (this is not restricted to specific variables as in the POSIX standard). A value given in a startup file overrides a value imported from the environment. Options may be either binary, in which case it is only significant to see whether they are set or not; or string, in which case the actual value is of interest.

Binary options

The binary options include the following:

allnet

Causes only the local part to be evaluated when comparing addresses.

append

Causes messages saved in mbox to be appended to the end rather than prepended. This should always be set.

ask or asksub

Causes mailx to prompt for the subject of each message sent. If the user responds with simply a newline, no subject field will be sent.

askatend

Causes the prompts for ‘Cc:’ and ‘Bcc:’ lists to appear after the message has been edited.

askattach

If set, mailx asks for files to attach at the end of each message. Responding with a newline indicates not to include an attachment.

askcc

Causes the user to be prompted for additional carbon copy recipients (at the end of each message if askatend or bsdcompat is set). Responding with a newline indicates the user’s satisfaction with the current list.

askbcc

Causes the user to be prompted for additional blind carbon copy recipients (at the end of each message if askatend or bsdcompat is set). Responding with a newline indicates the user’s satisfaction with the current list.

asksign

Causes the user to be prompted if the message is to be signed at the end of each message. The smime-sign variable is ignored when this variable is set.

autocollapse

Causes threads to be collapsed automatically when threaded mode is entered (see the collapse command).

autoinc

Same as newmail.

autoprint

Causes the delete command to behave like dp − thus, after deleting a message, the next one will be typed automatically.

autothread

Causes threaded mode (see the thread command) to be entered automatically when a folder is opened.

bang

Enables the substitution of ‘!’ by the contents of the last command line in shell escapes.

bsdannounce

Causes automatic display of a header summary after executing a folder command.

bsdcompat

Sets some cosmetical features to traditional BSD style; has the same affect as setting ‘askatend’ and all other variables prefixed with ‘bsd’, setting prompt to ‘& ’, and changing the default pager to more.

bsdflags

Changes the letters printed in the first column of a header summary to traditional BSD style.

bsdheadline

Changes the display of columns in a header summary to traditional BSD style.

bsdmsgs

Changes some informational messages to traditional BSD style.

bsdorder

Causes the ‘Subject:’ field to appear immediately after the ‘To:’ field in message headers and with the ~h tilde command.

bsdset

Changes the output format of the set command to traditional BSD style.

chained-junk-tokens

Normally, the Bayesian junk mail filter bases its classifications on single word tokens extracted from messages. If this option is set, adjacent words are combined to pairs, which are then used as additional tokens. This usually improves the accuracy of the filter, but also increases the junk mail database five- to tenfold.

datefield

The date in a header summary is normally the date of the mailbox ‘From ’ line of the message. If this variable is set, the date as given in the ‘Date:’ header field is used, converted to local time.

debug

Prints debugging messages and disables the actual delivery of messages. Unlike verbose, this option is intended for mailx development only.

disconnected

When an IMAP mailbox is selected and this variable is set, no connection to the server is initiated. Instead, data is obtained from the local cache (see imap-cache). Mailboxes that are not present in the cache and messages that have not yet entirely been fetched from the server are not available; to fetch all messages in a mailbox at once, the command ‘copy * /dev/null’ can be used while still in online mode. Changes that are made to IMAP mailboxes in disconnected mode are queued and committed later when a connection to that server is opened in online mode. This procedure is not completely reliable since it cannot be guaranteed that the IMAP unique identifiers (UIDs) on the server still match the ones in the cache at that time. Data is saved to ‘dead.letter’ when this problem occurs.

disconnected-user@host

The specified account is handled as described for the disconnected variable above, but other accounts are not affected.

dot

The binary option dot causes mailx to interpret a period alone on a line as the terminator of a message the user is sending.

editheaders

When a message is edited while being composed, its header is included in the editable text. ‘To:’, ‘Cc:’, ‘Bcc:’, ‘Subject:’, ‘From:’, ‘Reply-To:’, ‘Sender:’, and ’Organization:’ fields are accepted within the header, other fields are ignored.

emptybox

If set, an empty mailbox file is not removed. This may improve the interoperability with other mail user agents when using a common folder directory.

emptystart

If the mailbox is empty, mailx normally prints ‘No mail for user’ and exits immediately. If this option is set, mailx starts even with an empty mailbox.

flipr

Exchanges the Respond with the respond commands and vice-versa.

forward-as-attachment

Original messages are normally sent as inline text with the forward command, and only the first part of a multipart message is included. With this option, messages are sent as MIME message/rfc822 attachments, and all of their parts are included. The fwdignore and fwdretain options are ignored when the forward-as-attachment option is set.

fullnames

When replying to a message, mailx normally removes the comment parts of email addresses, which by convention contain the full names of the recipients. If this variable is set, such stripping is not performed, and comments are retained.

header

Causes the header summary to be written at startup and after commands that affect the number of messages or the order of messages in the current folder; enabled by default.

hold

This option is used to hold messages in the system mailbox by default.

ignore

Causes interrupt signals from the terminal to be ignored and echoed as @’s.

ignoreeof

An option related to dot is ignoreeof which makes mailx refuse to accept a control-d as the end of a message. Ignoreeof also applies to mailx command mode.

imap-use-starttls

Causes mailx to issue a STARTTLS command to make an unencrypted IMAP session SSL/TLS encrypted. This functionality is not supported by all servers, and is not used if the session is already encrypted by the IMAPS method.

imap-use-starttls-user@host

Activates imap-use-starttls for a specific account.

keep

This option causes mailx to truncate the user’s system mailbox instead of deleting it when it is empty. This should always be set, since it prevents malicious users from creating fake mail folders in a world-writable spool directory.

keepsave

When a message is saved, it is usually discarded from the originating folder when mailx is quit. Setting this option causes all saved message to be retained.

markanswered

When a message is replied to and this variable is set, it is marked as having been answered. This mark has no technical meaning in the mail system; it just causes messages to be marked in the header summary, and makes them specially addressable.

metoo

Usually, when a group is expanded that contains the sender, the sender is removed from the expansion. Setting this option causes the sender to be included in the group.

newmail

Checks for new mail in the current folder each time the prompt is printed. For IMAP mailboxes, the server is then polled for new mail, which may result in delayed operation if the connection to the server is slow. A maildir folder must be re-scanned to determine if new mail has arrived.

If this variable is set to the special value nopoll, an IMAP server is not actively asked for new mail, but new mail may still be detected and announced with any other IMAP command that is sent to the server. A maildir folder is not scanned then.

In any case, the IMAP server may send notifications about messages that have been deleted on the server by another process or client. In this case, ‘Expunged n messages’ is printed regardless of this variable, and message numbers may have changed.

noheader

Setting the option noheader is the same as giving the −N flag on the command line.

outfolder

Causes the filename given in the record variable and the sender-based filenames for the Copy and Save commands to be interpreted relative to the directory given in the folder variable rather than to the current directory unless it is an absolute pathname.

page

If set, each message the pipe command prints out is followed by a formfeed character.

piperaw

Send messages to the pipe command without performing MIME and character set conversions.

pop3-use-apop

If this variable is set, the APOP authentication method is used when a connection to a POP3 server is initiated. The advantage of this method over the usual USER/PASS authentication is that the password is not sent over the network in clear text. The connection fails if the server does not support the APOP command.

pop3-use-apop-user@host

Enables pop3-use-apop for a specific account.

pop3-use-starttls

Causes mailx to issue a STLS command to make an unencrypted POP3 session SSL/TLS encrypted. This functionality is not supported by all servers, and is not used if the session is already encrypted by the POP3S method.

pop3-use-starttls-user@host

Activates pop3-use-starttls for a specific account.

print-all-chars

This option causes all characters to be considered printable. It is only effective if given in a startup file. With this option set, some character sequences in messages may put the user’s terminal in an undefined state when printed; it should only be used as a last resort if no working system locale can be found.

print-alternatives

When a MIME message part of type multipart/alternative is displayed and it contains a subpart of type text/plain, other parts are normally discarded. Setting this variable causes all subparts to be displayed, just as if the surrounding part was of type multipart/mixed.

quiet

Suppresses the printing of the version when first invoked.

record-resent

If both this variable and the record variable are set, the resend and Resend commands save messages to the record folder as it is normally only done for newly composed messages.

reply-in-same-charset

If this variable is set, mailx first tries to use the same character set of the original message for replies. If this fails, the sendcharsets variable is evaluated as usual.

Replyall

Reverses the sense of reply and Reply commands.

save

When the user aborts a message with two RUBOUT (interrupt characters) mailx copies the partial letter to the file ‘dead.letter’ in the home directory. This option is set by default.

searchheaders

If this option is set, then a message-list specifier in the form ‘/x:y’ will expand to all messages containing the substring ‘y’ in the header field ‘x’. The string search is case insensitive.

sendwait

When sending a message, wait until the mail transfer agent exits before accepting further commands. If the mail transfer agent returns a non-zero exit status, the exit status of mailx will also be non-zero.

showlast

Setting this option causes mailx to start at the last message instead of the first one when opening a mail folder.

showname

Causes mailx to use the sender’s real name instead of the plain address in the header field summary and in message specifications.

showto

Causes the recipient of the message to be shown in the header summary if the message was sent by the user.

skipemptybody

If an outgoing message does not contain any text in its first or only message part, do not send it but discard it silently (see also the −E option).

smime-force-encryption

Causes mailx to refuse sending unencrypted messages.

smime-sign

If this variable is set, outgoing messages are S/MIME signed with the user’s private key. Signing a message enables a recipient to verify that the sender used a valid certificate, that the email addresses in the certificate match those in the message header, and that the message content has not been altered. It does not change the message text, and people will be able to read the message as usual.

smime-no-default-ca

Do not load the default CA locations when verifying S/MIME signed messages. Only applicable if S/MIME support is built using OpenSSL.

smtp-use-starttls

Causes mailx to issue a STARTTLS command to make an SMTP session SSL/TLS encrypted. Not all servers support this command; because of common implementation defects, it cannot be automatically determined whether a server supports it or not.

ssl-no-default-ca

Do not load the default CA locations to verify SSL/TLS server certificates. Only applicable if SSL/TLS support is built using OpenSSL.

ssl-v2-allow

Accept SSLv2 connections. These are normally not allowed because this protocol version is insecure.

stealthmua

Inhibits the generation of the ‘Message-Id:’ and ‘User-Agent:’ header fields that include obvious references to mailx. There are two pitfalls associated with this: First, the message id of outgoing messages is not known anymore. Second, an expert may still use the remaining information in the header to track down the originating mail user agent.

verbose

Setting the option verbose is the same as using the −v flag on the command line. When mailx runs in verbose mode, details of the actual message delivery and protocol conversations for IMAP, POP3, and SMTP, as well as of other internal processes, are displayed on the user’s terminal, This is sometimes useful to debug problems. Mailx prints all data that is sent to remote servers in clear texts, including passwords, so care should be taken that no unauthorized option can view the screen if this option is enabled.

writebackedited

If this variable is set, messages modified using the edit or visual commands are written back to the current folder when it is quit. This is only possible for writable folders in mbox format. Setting this variable also disables MIME decoding and decryption for the editing commands.

String Options

The string options include the following:

attrlist

A sequence of characters to print in the ‘attribute’ column of a header summary, each for one type of messages in the following order: new, unread but old, new but read, read and old, saved, preserved, mboxed, flagged, answered, draft, killed, start of a collapsed thread, collapsed, classified as junk. The default is ‘NUROSPMFATK+−J’, or ‘NU *HMFATK+−J’ if bsdflags or the SYSV3 environment variable are set.

autobcc

Specifies a list of recipients to which a blind carbon copy of each outgoing message will be sent automatically.

autocc

Specifies a list of recipients to which a carbon copy of each outgoing message will be sent automatically.

autosort

Causes sorted mode (see the sort command) to be entered automatically with the value of this option as sorting method when a folder is opened.

cmd

The default value for the pipe command.

crt

The valued option crt is used as a threshold to determine how long a message must be before PAGER is used to read it. If crt is set without a value, then the height of the terminal screen stored in the system is used to compute the threshold (see stty(1)).

DEAD

The name of the file to use for saving aborted messages. This defaults to ‘dead.letter’ in the user’s home directory.

EDITOR

Pathname of the text editor to use in the edit command and ~e escape. If not defined, then a default editor is used.

encoding

The default MIME encoding to use in outgoing text messages and message parts. Valid values are 8bit or quoted-printable. The default is 8bit. In case the mail transfer system is not ESMTP compliant, quoted-printable should be used instead. If there is no need to encode a message, 7bit transfer mode is used, without regard to the value of this variable. Binary data is always encoded in base64 mode.

escape

If defined, the first character of this option gives the character to use in the place of ~ to denote escapes.

folder

The name of the directory to use for storing folders of messages. All folder names that begin with ‘+’ refer to files below that directory. If the directory name begins with a ‘/’, mailx considers it to be an absolute pathname; otherwise, the folder directory is found relative to the user’s home directory.

The directory name may also refer to an IMAP account; any names that begin with ‘+’ then refer to IMAP mailboxes on that account. An IMAP folder is normally given in the form

imaps://mylogin@imap.myisp.example

In this case, the ‘+’ and ‘@’ prefixes for folder names have the same effect (see the folder command).

Some IMAP servers do not accept the creation of mailboxes in the hierarchy base; they require that they are created as subfolders of ‘INBOX’. With such servers, a folder name of the form

    imaps://mylogin@imap.myisp.example/INBOX.

should be used (the last character is the server’s hierarchy delimiter). Folder names prefixed by ‘+’ will then refer to folders below ‘INBOX’, while folder names prefixed by ‘@’ refer to folders below the hierarchy base. See the imap namespace command for a method to detect the appropriate prefix and delimiter.

folder-hook

When a folder is opened and this variable is set, the macro corresponding to the value of this variable is executed. The macro is also invoked when new mail arrives, but message lists for commands executed from the macro only include newly arrived messages then.

folder-hook-fullname

When a folder named fullname is opened, the macro corresponding to the value of this variable is executed. Unlike other folder specifications, the fully expanded name of a folder, without metacharacters, is used to avoid ambiguities. The macro specified with folder-hook is not executed if this variable is effective for a folder (unless it is explicitly invoked within the called macro).

from

The address (or a list of addresses) to put into the ‘From:’ field of the message header. If replying to a message, these addresses are handled as if they were in the alternates list. If the machine’s hostname is not valid at the Internet (for example at a dialup machine), either this variable or hostname have to be set to get correct Message-ID header fields. If from contains more than one address, the sender variable must also be set.

fwdheading

The string to print before the text of a message with the forward command (unless the forward-as-attachment variable is set). Defaults to ‘‘-------- Original Message --------’’ if unset. If it is set to the empty string, no heading is printed.

headline

A format string to use for the header summary, similar to printf formats. A ‘%’ character introduces a format specifier. It may be followed by a number indicating the field width. If the field is a number, the width may be negative, which indicates that it is to be left-aligned. Valid format specifiers are:

Sign

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

FILES

EXAMPLES

    $ mailx bill@host.example

    $ mailx sam@workstation.example bob@server.example
    Subject: Fees
    Tuition fees are due next Friday.  Don’t forget!
    <Control−d>
    EOT
    $

    $ mailx

    O 1 drfoo@myhost.example Wed Sep  1 19:52  18/631 "Fees"
    O 2 sam@friends.example  Thu Sep  2 00:08  30/895

    type 1

    Message  1:
    From drfoo@myhost.example Wed Sep  1 19:52:25 2004
    Subject: Fees
    Status: R

   Tuition fees are due next Wednesday.  Don’t forget!

    t

    1

    mail frank@machine.example

    set askcc

    set record=Sent

    set folder=letters

    save +classwork

    folder +classwork

    folder

    ~p

    imaps://mylogin@server.myisp.example

    set imap-use-starttls
    set pop3-use-starttls

    shortcut myisp %:imaps://mylogin@server.myisp.example

    set NAIL_EXTRA_RC=~/.nailrc

    account myisp {
        set folder=imaps://mylogin@server.myisp.example
        set record=+Sent MBOX=+mbox outfolder
    }

    set password-mylogin@server.myisp.example="SECRET"

    set imap-auth=gssapi

    set imap-auth=cram-md5
    set pop3-use-apop

    set imap-cache=~/localdirectory

    set pop3-keepalive=30
    set imap-keepalive=240

    $ openssl s_client </dev/null −showcerts −connect \
           server.myisp.example:imaps 2>&1 | tee log

    source ~/.scores

    define list {
        score (subject "important discussion") +10
        score (subject "annoying discussion") −10
        score (from "nicefellow@goodnet") +15
        score (from "badguy@poornet") −5
        move (header x-spam-flag "+++++") +junk
    }
    set folder-hook-imap://user@host/public.list=list

    set junkdb=~/.junkdb

    define junkfilter {
        classify (smaller 20000) :n
        move :j +junk
    }
    set folder-hook-imap://user@host/INBOX=junkfilter

    set pipe-text/html="w3m -dump -T text/html"

    set pipe-text/html="lynx -dump -force_html /dev/stdin"

    set pipe-application/pdf="cat >/tmp/mailx$$.pdf; \
           acroread /tmp/mailx$$.pdf; rm /tmp/mailx$$.pdf"

    $ openssl pkcs12 −in cert.p12 −out cert.pem −clcerts \
        −nodes

    set smime-sign-cert-myname@myisp.example=cert.pem

    set smime-sign

    certsave filename
    set smime-encrypt-user@host=filename

    $ openssl crl −inform DER −in crl.der −out crl.pem

    MAILRC=/dev/null mailx −n

    env MAILRC=/dev/null from=scriptreply@domain smtp=host \
          smtp-auth-user=login smtp-auth-password=secret \
          smtp-auth=login mailx −n −s "subject" \
          −a attachment_file recipient@domain <content_file

SEE ALSO

NOTES